Samuel Jackson

Different types of credit meant for financing foreign trade are overdraft and cash credit, which can help both importers and exporters to apply for cash as and when they need against it, as long as the credit line is open. These lines of credit are just another form of borrowing, the only difference being that this is a short term funding and interest here is charged on the basis of amount and period of utilization.

Trade remedies are trade policy tools that allow governments to take remedial action against imports which are causing material injury to a domestic industry. Such remedies are divided broadly into: ·

• Antidumping measures. The most commonly used are antidumping measures to counteract unfairly low prices. The WTO Agreement on Antidumping deems that goods are "dumped" when companies export them at prices lower than those at which they sell in their home market.
• Countervailing duties. Countervailing duties counteract subsidies by national authorities that unfairly enable their companies to export at a lower price.
• Safeguard measures. These measures do not counteract an unfair practice, but allow countries to suspend import surges temporarily in order to grant local industries time to adjust to increased foreign competition on national markets.

EAR99 is a category of items that are subject to the EAR but not listed within the Commerce Control List (CCL).

This term represents items that are not specifically controlled by the EAR (in the CCL) or identified with an Export Control Classification Number (ECCN). Even though they are not specifically controlled, attention must be given to restrictions on the country and/or end user to which an EAR99 item may be exported as additional prohibition may apply.

Export approval under the EAR comes in the form of an export license. Determining what the export license requirements are under the EAR can be complicated.

It involves finding the specific classification within the Commerce Control List (CCL), determining whether a license may be required under those specifications, and then checking the CCL requirements against a country chart. But remember that the EAR also allows for some specific exceptions.

Items subject to the EAR are any items not specifically controlled by the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) of the US State Department or any other US Government agency.

Of these, certain items are specifically identified in the Commerce Control List (CCL), which is a section of the Export Administration Regulations, and are given an Export Control Classification Number (ECCN). Items not controlled in the CCL fall into the classification EAR99, no license required (NLR).